Modulations
Note the distance between roots as a means of remembering how to get into the modulation.
Notice that most modulations occur after arriving on a I chord (or i chord), but some take place following ii or V.
Likewise, the transition to the new key may involve ii V to the new I or just V to the new I.
Modulation to the key of IV:
"Take the 'A' Train" (m. 15-17)
| C | G- C7 || F |
"Misty" (m. 1-3)
|| Eb | Bb- Eb7 | Ab |
Blues progression (Bb) (m. 3-5)
| Bb7 | F- Bb7 | Eb7
"Alone Together" m. 5-7
| D- | Aø D7b9 | G- |
Modulation from major to relative minor:
"I Hear a Rhapsody" (m. 7-9)
| Eb | Dø G7b9 || C- |
"On Green Dolphin Street" (last 8, m. 25-26)
| F- | Dø G7b9 | C- |
Eb: ii c-: ii V i
"My Romance" m. 4-5
| Bb D7+9| G- |
Bb: I G-: V i
Modulation from minor to relative major:
"Summertime" (to relative major and back to minor)
|D- | G- C7 | F | Eø A7 | D-
i F: ii V I D-: ii V i
"Softly as in a Morning Sunrise" (m. 15-17)
| C- | F- Bb7 || Eb |
i Eb: ii V I
Downstep Modulation
Repeated modulation down by M2
"Afternoon in Paris" m. 1-5
|| C | C- F7 | Bb | Bb- Eb7 | Ab
Modulation Sequence Down by Half Steps
"Airegin" m. 10-15
| D- G7 | C | C#- F#7 | B | C- F7 | Bb
Modulation down a minor 3rd:
"I'll Remember April" bridge
||: C- | F7 | Bb | Bb :||
| A- | D7 | G | G | F#- | B7 | E |
"All the Things You Are" bridge
| A- | D7 | G | G | F#- | B7 | E |
Modulation up a minor 3rd:
"Confirmation" m. 17-23
|C- |F7 |Bb |Bb |Eb- |Ab7 |Db |
"On Green Dolphin Street" m. 9-15
|F- |Bb7 | Eb | Bb- Eb7|Ab- |Db7 |Gb |
Eb:ii V I [Ab:ii V] Gb: ii V I
Modulation down a major 3rd:
"What's New" (m. 1-3)
| C | Bb- Eb7 | Ab |
"Have You Met Miss Jones" (bridge)
|| Bb | Ab- Db7 | Gb | E- A7 | D |
"Giant Steps" (m. 1-2, 2-3, etc.)
| B D7 | G Bb7 | Eb |
Modulation up a major 3rd:
"I Love You" m. 11-13
| F | Bø E7b9 | A |
"Giant Steps" (m. 4-6)
| Eb | A- D7 | G
"Giant Steps" (m. 15-23)
| B | F- Bb7 || Eb | A- D7 | G | C#- F#7 |
| B | F- Bb7 | Eb |
Modulation to V
"How Deep is the Ocean" m. 1-5
|| C- | G7/B | C-/Bb | Aø D7b9 | G- |
i V i G-: ii V i
Notice that most modulations occur after arriving on a I chord (or i chord), but some take place following ii or V.
Likewise, the transition to the new key may involve ii V to the new I or just V to the new I.
Modulation to the key of IV:
"Take the 'A' Train" (m. 15-17)
| C | G- C7 || F |
"Misty" (m. 1-3)
|| Eb | Bb- Eb7 | Ab |
Blues progression (Bb) (m. 3-5)
| Bb7 | F- Bb7 | Eb7
"Alone Together" m. 5-7
| D- | Aø D7b9 | G- |
Modulation from major to relative minor:
"I Hear a Rhapsody" (m. 7-9)
| Eb | Dø G7b9 || C- |
"On Green Dolphin Street" (last 8, m. 25-26)
| F- | Dø G7b9 | C- |
Eb: ii c-: ii V i
"My Romance" m. 4-5
| Bb D7+9| G- |
Bb: I G-: V i
Modulation from minor to relative major:
"Summertime" (to relative major and back to minor)
|D- | G- C7 | F | Eø A7 | D-
i F: ii V I D-: ii V i
"Softly as in a Morning Sunrise" (m. 15-17)
| C- | F- Bb7 || Eb |
i Eb: ii V I
Downstep Modulation
Repeated modulation down by M2
"Afternoon in Paris" m. 1-5
|| C | C- F7 | Bb | Bb- Eb7 | Ab
Modulation Sequence Down by Half Steps
"Airegin" m. 10-15
| D- G7 | C | C#- F#7 | B | C- F7 | Bb
Modulation down a minor 3rd:
"I'll Remember April" bridge
||: C- | F7 | Bb | Bb :||
| A- | D7 | G | G | F#- | B7 | E |
"All the Things You Are" bridge
| A- | D7 | G | G | F#- | B7 | E |
Modulation up a minor 3rd:
"Confirmation" m. 17-23
|C- |F7 |Bb |Bb |Eb- |Ab7 |Db |
"On Green Dolphin Street" m. 9-15
|F- |Bb7 | Eb | Bb- Eb7|Ab- |Db7 |Gb |
Eb:ii V I [Ab:ii V] Gb: ii V I
Modulation down a major 3rd:
"What's New" (m. 1-3)
| C | Bb- Eb7 | Ab |
"Have You Met Miss Jones" (bridge)
|| Bb | Ab- Db7 | Gb | E- A7 | D |
"Giant Steps" (m. 1-2, 2-3, etc.)
| B D7 | G Bb7 | Eb |
Modulation up a major 3rd:
"I Love You" m. 11-13
| F | Bø E7b9 | A |
"Giant Steps" (m. 4-6)
| Eb | A- D7 | G
"Giant Steps" (m. 15-23)
| B | F- Bb7 || Eb | A- D7 | G | C#- F#7 |
| B | F- Bb7 | Eb |
Modulation to V
"How Deep is the Ocean" m. 1-5
|| C- | G7/B | C-/Bb | Aø D7b9 | G- |
i V i G-: ii V i